A Comparison of Andrew Marvells To His Coy Mistress and...

A Comparison of Andrew Marvells To His Coy Mistress and John Donnes The Sunne Rising Both poems To His Coy Mistress and The Sunne Rising were written by metaphysical poets, this is one of many similarities in the poems. However, there are also a number of differences between them. In both poems, there is an obvious link to the theme of Carpe Diem which simply means seize the day. The poems relate to time and that of how its running out. They seem to be in a rush. The content of the poem is Marvell writing a poem to his love partner. They are truly in love with each other and their love is very passionate for one another. However, there is something missing in their relationship and†¦show more content†¦Part three says that they should enjoy themselves and not hold back on making their relationship a sexual one. Marvells style is using rhyming tetrameters, which is rhyming couplets with four beats in every metric line. He varies the punctuation to break up the rhyme to create effect. Marvell portrays an idyllic image by using alliteration. He uses many images to give us a direct view of the situation and help us understand the poem fully. There is an obvious image from the start of the poem. Its a lazy, unrealistic image of the woman wandering the river Ganges side. The mention of Humber gives us the answer to where he lives. The river Humber is in Hull and thats where hes from. The choice of vocabulary used by Marvell is clever and effective. He uses Conversion of the Jews; another term is steadfast Jesus, which means never to change your religion. This simply means he will love her forever, as the Jews are very proud of their religion, they would never change their religion. Marvell uses many conseits, which are far-fetched or elaborate comparisons, to convey the depth of his love for his partner. He uses the phrase vegetable love. This is a way of expressing his love in a hidden way by using a metaphor. The vegetable symbolises his love. The vegetable is good, wholesome and growing, and hes hoping that the relationship will

Identifying The Unknown Microorganism Given By The Instructor

Unknown #2 Lab Report Danielle Gudino BIO 211L Section 6 11/20/2014 Introduction This experiment was about identifying the unknown microorganism given by the instructor. This exercise is important to understand and apply all previous laboratory practices, as well as those learned in our first unknown exercise, for identifying the given unknown organism. With the knowledge and practice of performing biochemical and physiological identifying tests, I was able to determine the unknown bacteria. For this experiment, I was given Unknown #12 and used a series of tests to determine the specimen, further explained in this report. Materials and Methods For the Gram stain, I used a microscope slide, wash bottle of water, clothespin, and the reagents crystal violet, Gram’s iodine, ethyl alcohol, and safranin to observe whether the organism was Gram negative or positve. The method was placing and heat fixing a loopful of the unknown organism on the slide. The organisms were then stained with crystal violet for a minute, rinsed off, flooded with iodine for a minute, rinsed off, decolorized with alcohol for 30 seconds, and then finally stained with the counter-stain, safranin, for a minute. I streaked the unknown onto a TSA plate and incubated at 35 C. With a pure colony, we performed a second gram stain procedure and inoculated it into a TSA slant. I used BCP Lactose broth and a loop to perform a BCP Lactose test. The broth was inoculated with a loopful of the unknown and incubatedShow MoreRelatedHow to Write a Lab Report in Microbiology1637 Words   |  7 PagesHOW TO WRITE AN UNKNOWN LAB REPORT IN MICROBIOLOGY GENERAL Unknown reports in microbiology are written in scientific format. Scientific writing is written differently from other types of writing. The results of the exercise or experiment are what are being showcased, not the writing. The purpose of scientific writing is not to entertain, but to inform. 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Application of Forensic Psychology within a trial R vs. Golds Free Essays

Introduction Before delving into the applications and relevant theories in Forensic Psychology in this case, it is first necessary to summarise the particulars of this case. This will allow for the evidence to be objectively assessed, and then broken down as the empirical evidence provided by the field of Forensic Psychology pertains to specific points. This will allow for the value of various aspects of the evidence on both sides to be assessed, which may result in a re-evaluation of the overall verdict. We will write a custom essay sample on Application of Forensic Psychology within a trial: R vs. Golds or any similar topic only for you Order Now The psychological evidence will then be evaluated within the relevant theoretical framework, and these theories will in turn be critically analysed so that the degree to which the relevant findings and theories of forensic psychology can be used to interpret the meaning and weight of evidence in this case can be evaluated. The defendant was convicted of murdering his wife, but appealed against conviction on the grounds that he was suffering from a mental illness and therefore was impaired substantially enough to meet the criteria for manslaughter, not murder. The appeal was dismissed. Although the defendant admitted killing his wife he did not give evidence at the trial, stating that he was not in a fit mental state. A voir dire by a medical expert, B, attested to the fact that the defendant ought not to give evidence due to his mental state, and when recounting this to the jury the judge ruled that no adverse inference should be drawn from this. The judge did however not allow evidence from B to be given at the trial. The evidence in support of the defence was given by three expert medical witnesses all attesting to the deteriorating mental state of the defence and that the criteria for diminished responsibility were satisfied. No medical testimony disputed this. Evidence admitted by the judge against the defence came from the defendant’s daughter, S, who recounted a conversation in which the defendant admitted assaulting the victim on a prior occasion. This was taken as evidence of the defendant’s bad character. During the trial there was some discussion of the definition of the term ‘substantially impaired’; the defence counsel defined the term as anything ‘more than trivial[ly impaired]’ but the judge refused this definition and declined to give the jury any further guidance as to the legal definition of this term. A verdict of manslaughter would suggest that the defendant was not able to fully understand the nature of what he was doing, make a rational decision and exercise self-control (Morse, 2003). Of course the legal definition of ‘substantially impaired’ is also relevant; as it is defined by the English Homicide Act (1957) substantial impairment is constituted either by a ‘common sense’ standard or by any degree of impairment which is more than trivial but less than total (Prevezer, 1957). Whether the defendant reaches the threshold for these definitions of substantially impaired will decide whether he is convicted of manslaughter or murder. One issue raised by the defendant in the appeal was that although the judge did explicitly state that the jury was not to draw any condemning inference from the defendant’s lack of testimony, he failed to remind the jury that S’s evidence should be considered with caution, because the defendant was not able to give any account of the alleged conversation. According to the literature in forensic psychology there could be valid grounds to this claim, however the claim itself could also be redundant entirely. This is because jurors do indeed evidently find it difficult to evaluate the weight of evidence and draw inferences appropriately (Thomas and Hogue, 1976). Thomas and Hogue (1976) developed a decision-making model for jurors, showing broadly that the weight jurors will ascribe to evidence varies across the population according to a variety of factors relevant to the characteristics of the jury. In this model the decision threshold which defines whether the jury votes for the plaintiff or defendant varies little across the population but may vary between cases and be affected by factors such as instructions to jurors. This latter point is very important because it addresses the effect that instructions to the jury can have, even a small effect could have made a substantial difference to the way the jury regarded evidence. Evidence suggests that this is particularly the case with emotionally-charged evidence which is pertinent to this case, Cush and Delahunty (2006) found that mock jurors who received no pre-evidence instructions to consider emotionally evocative evidence (gruesome photographs) dispassionately or with caution gave more verdicts in favour of the victim and scored higher on measures of victim compassion and crime negativity than did jurors who did receive such instruction. Embedded within cognitive theory this evidence supports the defendant’s position on this point; without all of the pertinent evidence with the appropriate weights the juror as a sense-making machine would not be able to reach an informed decision (Pennington and Hastie, 1991). The heuristics and biases approach (Griffin, Gonzalez and Varey, 2001) views decision-making, thought and perception as vulnerable to various cognitive biases and distortions from mental archetypes. One such source of bias has been dubbed ‘WYSIATI’, or ‘what you see is all there is’. This notion is important in a forensic context because the jury will naturally find it difficult to take into account evidence that is not readily presented to them (Neal and Grisso, 2014) especially when presented with material evidence which contradicts it. Another point to consider is the value of S’s evidence; factors which may be important to consider are the age of the witness (Ceci, Ross and Toglia, 1987), the power of hindsight and the nature of reconstructive memory (Leippe, 1980). According to a retrieval theory of memory, recognition and recall styles of memory are possible through a resonance-style spreading-activation pattern of retrieval attempts (Ratcliff, 1978). When a search of memory in this way is performed, certain archetypes or contextual information and assumptions about the objects in memory may fill in gaps or add meaning; depending on the age of the witness this may be even more important, because young children are more susceptible to such biases (Ceci, Ross and Toglia, 1987; Leippe, 1980). There may have been subtleties in the alleged conversation with the defendant which would reinterpret the meaning, especially in light of the defendant’s alleged mental illness which S could have missed in her me mory of the conversation. Even if the judge had instructed the jury to treat S’s evidence with caution though, the question is what effect would this have had on the verdict. The answer would seem to be that even though it may have changed the jury’s perception of the evidence (Cush and Delahunty, 2006), this would not have substantially affected the verdict because the evidence of S was of limited significance in the first place because of the strength of other evidence that the defendant had abused the victim. A cognitive decision-makin framework would see people evaluating this evidence overall in favour of the victim (Pennington and Hastie, 1991). In addition to this it was made clear to the jury that the case of the defendant was that he had not abused the victim. This makes it a somewhat trivial point in the overall case. Cognitive theory is useful in the context of forensic psychology because it provides a framework for the decision-making process to be understood, and an opportunity for the value of evidence to be quantified. The theory does view human beings as rational agents who are able to objectively consider evidence, simply adding additional weight to emotional evidence. This could be seen as reductionist as it ignores a wealth of human experience and much of the cultural meaning inherent in cases such as this one. The spreading-activation theory of memory also has its opponents. Some memory researchers prefer to view memory errors as arising from consolidation or encoding errors (Squire and Alvarez, 1995). Both are useful in a forensic psychology context but it is important to remember that the evidence is interpreted theoretically, and there must still be a weight assigned to evidence based on theory. It must therefore be acknowledged that the interpretation of evidence is at least somewhat arbitrary based on these theories. A second point in the appeal was that the judge was supposedly wrong to not allow the evidence of B to go before the jury. The value of expert witnesses is debateable in the literature, assuming that their professional opinions within their fields are valid and reliable, the problem arises with the effect their testimony has on the jury. Expert testimony usually affects the credence that the jury gives to the testimony or stance of the individuals being evaluated, and in this case the evidence of B may well have contributed to the judge’s decision to instruct the jury to draw no condemning inference from the defendant’s lack of testimony. Due to certain cognitive biases, the message an expert tries to convey may not be received by the jury as intended, which may vindicate the judge’s decision to not allow B’s testimony. Jury members will often ascribe disproportionate impact to expert testimony (Krafka, Dunn, Johnson, Cecil et al., 2002), meaning the inten ded message is exaggerated or otherwise distorted resulting in jurors who may believe something contrary to what the literature on mental illness suggests. B had stated that the defendant was not in a fit state to give testimony, and attested to the reality of his mental illness and deteriorating mental state despite the usage of antipsychotic medication. This last point may be of particular importance because members of the general public may not have a full understanding of the research into the effects of antipsychotics (Jorm, Korten, Rodgers, Pollitt et al., 1997) which B presumably did have. If the jury believed that antipsychotics could cure the defendant’s mental illness then this could lead to them drawing a condemning inference. The weight that B’s evidence would have had is in question though because of the already substantial amount of evidence in support of the existence and chronic worsening of the defendant’s mental illness. This is an issue because if the jury was already convinced that the defendant was indeed mentally ill at the time of the killing and still voted to convict the defendant of murder then the impact B’s evidence may have had is a moot point. The only remaining question is whether B’s testimony would have added anything to the testimony of the other experts due to the voir dire examination. It does seem unlikely that the testimony of B would have differed significantly from the other experts, and due to the evidence suggesting that the individual persuasive ability of experts has more of an impact on jurors than the content of their message (Bank and Poythress, 1982) the judge was probably right to not allow the additional expert testimony. A criticism of most of this research is that it mostly uses mock jurors, and also the mock cases obviously involved different experts and circumstances to the one in question. This means that the effect may be more or less pronounced in this scenario, but the evidence is from a very relevant context and is extremely likely to still be useful. The only potential problem lies in the participants not taking the mock case as seriously as they would a real case. The general population may not have a good understanding of mental illness or mental capacity as these terms are defined in legal discourse (Jorm, 2000) which did necessitate at least some expert testimony. Another point is that the judge did not give any contrasting definition for the term ‘substantially impaired’ when the defence counsel offered the definition of ‘anything impairment more than trivial’. Although this was submitted as grounds for appeal, the evidence suggests that if anything this point would have resulted in the jurors adopting a standard of impairment that was too liberal by legal standards. This is because jurors and indeed people in general are not as able to disregard presented information as readily as most people believe (Lieberman and Arndt, 2000). According to theories in social psychology, hindsight bias and belief perseverance can lead to jurors actually relying on inadmissible evidence more than other evidence (Lieberman and Arn dt, 2000). This is very useful research in this context because it highlights the importance of presented information; the definition offered by the defence counsel will be given inappropriate attention. Since the verdict was still to convict, this suggests strongly that the court was right to dismiss the appeal. In light of the strength of the evidence and theory reviewed and the applications in this case, it is clear that the second and third points submitted by the defendant in the appeal were properly rebuffed by the judge, in fact the evidence suggests that these issues would have worked in the defendant’s favour if the judge had responded differently. As for the first point, it appears from the research that any effect on jury perception would be negligible, although there is some conflict in the literature as to the effect of instructions of limitation from the judge. References Morse, S. J. (2003). Diminished rationality, diminished responsibility. Ohio St. J. Crim. L., 1, 289. Prevezer, S. (1957). The English Homicide Act: A New Attempt to Revise the Law of Murder. Columbia Law Review, 624-652. Thomas, E. A., Hogue, A. (1976). Apparent weight of evidence, decision criteria, and confidence ratings in juror decision making. Psychological Review,83(6), 442. Cush, R. K., Delahunty, J. G. (2006). The influence of limiting instructions on processing and judgments of emotionally evocative evidence. Psychiatry, Psychology and Law, 13(1), 110-123. Griffin, D., Gonzalez, R., Varey, C. (2001). The heuristics and biases approach to judgment under uncertainty. Blackwell handbook of social psychology: Intraindividual processes, 1, 207-235. Neal, T., Grisso, T. (2014). The cognitive underpinnings of bias in forensic mental health evaluations. Psychology, Public Policy, and Law, 20(2), 200. Pennington, N., Hastie, R. (1991). Cognitive theory of juror decision making: The story model, A. Cardozo L. Rev., 13, 519. Ceci, S. J., Ross, D. F., Toglia, M. P. (1987). Suggestibility of children’s memory: Psycholegal implications. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 116(1), 38. Leippe, M. R. (1980). Effects of integrative memorial and cognitive processes on the correspondence of eyewitness accuracy and confidence. Law and Human behavior, 4(4), 261. Ratcliff, R. (1978). A theory of memory retrieval. Psychological review, 85(2), 59. Alba, J. W., Hasher, L. (1983). Is memory schematic?. Psychological Bulletin, 93(2), 203. Bank, S. C., Poythress Jr, N. G. (1982). Elements of Persuasion in Expert Testimony, The. J. Psychiatry L., 10, 173. Jorm, A. F. (2000). Mental health literacy Public knowledge and beliefs about mental disorders. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 177(5), 396-401. Lieberman, J. D., Arndt, J. (2000). Understanding the limits of limiting instructions: Social psychological explanations for the failures of instructions to disregard pretrial publicity and other inadmissible evidence. Psychology, Public Policy, and Law, 6(3), 677. Squire, L. R., Alvarez, P. (1995). Retrograde amnesia and memory consolidation: a neurobiological perspective. Current opinion in neurobiology,5(2), 169-177. Jorm, A. F., Korten, A. E., Rodgers, B., Pollitt, P., Jacomb, P. A., Christensen, H., Jiao, Z. (1997). Belief systems of the general public concerning the appropriate treatments for mental disorders. Social psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology, 32(8), 468-473. How to cite Application of Forensic Psychology within a trial: R vs. Golds, Essay examples

Gestures The Dos And Taboos Of Body Language Aro Essay Example For Students

Gestures The Dos And Taboos Of Body Language Aro Essay und The WorldAxtell, Roger E. Gestures: The DOs and TABOOS of Body Language Around the World. Jon Wiley ; Sons, Inc, 1998 Rev. and expanded edition.Over the past decade the author has been presenting seminars, speeches and workshops around the United States on the subject of international behavior. This book is the result of accumulation of more than ten years of research on the subject and it includes research on his travels to England, Germany, Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia and the Philippines. All this reinforced a conviction that gestures are powerful communicators used by people all over the world. The purpose of this book is to let people know how powerful gestures can be when used correctly or incorrectly. He also wants you to know how a gesture can mean one thing here and another thing somewhere else, something as simple as a wave good bye, could get you into a lot of trouble in another country. This book was broken down into seven chapters: Chapter 1, illustrated with numerous examples, is that not only are gestures and body language powerful communicators, but different cultures use gestures and body language in dramatically different ways.Chapter 2 discusses the most popular gestures found around the world, beginning with how we greet each other. Shaking hand is not the universal greeting. In fact, there are at least a half-dozen other social greetings even different ways of shaking hands. This chapter also deals with farewells, beckoning, insulting, touching and other types of gestures.Chapter 3 gets into the special types of gestures such as, American Sign Language, Tai Chi, flirting kissing. Chapter 4 is designed to help you learn or trace a particular gesture, using scores of drawings. Chapter 5 describes what the author calls the ultimate gesture, which is simply the smile. It is rarely misunderstood, scientist believe this particular gesture releases chemicals in the brain called endorphins into the system that create a mild feeling of euphoria. It also may help you slip out of the prickliest or difficult situations world wide. Chapter 6 is an important list of gestures to keep in mind. It is compiled of 20 gestures that can help you separate right from rude, and rude from crude. Chapter 7 is a listing of country-by-country common gestures and body languages. They group the countries by major geographic region. The organization of the book was a combination of narrative and topical. The basic point of view of the entire book was that if you are planning to leave the United States and travel to another country, you better either keep your hands in you pockets at all times or know the proper gesture for the country you intend on visiting. I would like to site some examples.An American teenager was hitchhiking in Nigeria. A carload of locals passed him. The car screeched to a halt. The locals jumped out and promptly roughed up the teenage visitor. Why? Because in Nigeria, the gesture commonly used in America for hitchhiking (thumb extended upward) is considered a very rude signal. An American couple on an auto tour in Australia was stopped by a police officer in Sydney for failing to signal before turning. Since they were tourists the officer gave them only a friendly warning. Relieved, the American man responded with a smile and the thumbs-up sign. The police officer became enraged, ordered the couple out of the car, called a backup, searched the car, and finally gave the driver an expensive ticket. Later, back in their hotel and recounting their experience, the tourist learned that in Australia the thumbs-up gesture means screw you!As you can see this book has a humorous, but yet serious overtone. It covers important aspects of body languages gestures in society which is serious stuff, that has a very strong impact on all that come in contact with you. Yet the author is able to express it in a comical nature. I enjoyed the book immensely. There are many ways the ideas in this book can be related to sociology. In fact the whole book is directly related to the subject of sociology especially the culture aspect of it. I will explain in the following paragraphs.Anthologists divide our actions and gestures into three broad categories: instinctive, coded and acquired. Sir Gawain And The Green Knight: Stanza 74 Essay Smoking of cigarettes in public is not common practice. However, it is not uncommon in some Saudi locations to pass the water pipe or hookah around to all those present in a room.In Japan, displays of emotion-fear, anger, exuberance- are rare because they are taught to suppress any such displays, especially in public. Standing with arms folded across the chest signals that the person is thinking intently. Women should avoid wearing high heels so as not to risk towering over Japanese counterparts. Periods of silence may occur during meetings, do not rush to fill the silent void, they are just stopping to contemplate. Displaying a open mouth is considered rude. In Pakistan, eat only with the right hand because the left hand is used for bodily hygiene and is considered unclean. Also never offer to shake hands with your left hand for the same reason. Women are kept separated in social situations. Two men may be seen walking along holding hands. This is nothing more than a sign of friendship, not homosexuality. Last, but not least, In the good old United States, The only time you will see two men walking down the street holding hands is if they are openly homosexual. Stand at least an arms length away from each other while conversing or standing in public, we tend to need our comfort zone respected. Direct eye contact is very important. There are two well-know rude and insulting gestures in the United States. Both are recognized in all parts of the country. They are the middle finger thrust and the forearm jerk, these gestures could get you into trouble. We wave to say hello or good-bye.We must learn that every culture has different types of values, beliefs, customs, norms and taboos. We have to except them and respect them for what they are and who they are. When going to other parts of the world and meeting people or when they come to our part of the world and we greet them it is very important to put ourselves in their shoes and not judge their traditions, values and ways of communicating. We must educate ourselves to their ways and except them for what they are. Our convictions and beliefs are no better than theres, they are just different. As human beings we must learn to adapt to each others differences and learn to except them, which is sometimes hard for people who do not understand them.Most Americans tend to be insensitive to they ways of others, especially those who come from our neighboring countries, which tends to create tension among those people. To be honest I found some of the behaviors of other countries strange, such as women not being allowed to drive a motor vehicle in Saudi Arabia. If I was not allowed to drive because I was a female I would be quite angry. I also would probably be one of the first people to accuse someone of being homosexual, especially men, if I were to see two people of the same sex walking down the street holding hands. Those are things we need to except because this is part of someones culture. If this was how they were raised, and the things that they believe to be OK, who are we to judge it? Since reading this book I have really opened my eyes to the way other countries do things that we might find unexceptable, and I now find them expectable. Had I not read this book I might have never opened my eyes to these cultural differences. I feel that everyone should read this book. I can not think of any reason why someone should not read this book. I dont feel that this book would offend anyone. Than again this is a strange world and you never know who will be offended by what. I feel that most people will be enlightened, supprised, and get a good laugh out of most parts of this book. There is a part of this book that deals with mooning which some may be offended by, but most people would probably get a good laugh out of it. I personally highly recommend this book, great bedtime reading. If you plan to travel this book is a must.

Strategic Analysis of Delta Airlines free essay sample

This report will be discussing strategic management to a company in the airline industry. This report will examine a chosen company’s strategic management and outline the stages. Strategic management is analyzing the situation facing the firm, also on the foundation of analysis formulating a strategy and lastly implementing strategy. Strategic management is the identification and the description of strategies that can be used by managers so as to attain better performance which in turn will ensure competitive advantage for their organization. It can be used to determine things like the mission, vision, goal, values, mission, timeline objectives, roles and responsibilities. 1. 0 Introduction There are three ongoing processes that strategic management of an organization entails; these are the analysis, decision making and action. The main concern of strategic management is the analysis of strategic goals, as well as the analysis of both the external and internal environment of an organization. A strategic management directs the overall company goals, which includes multiple stakeholders, incorporates short term as well as long term objectives, and oversees the trade-offs between effectiveness and efficiency. We will write a custom essay sample on Strategic Analysis of Delta Airlines or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Having a good management strategy, an organisation is able to achieve its goals and meets its expectations. With the used use of well formulated strategies, a company will always prosper and generate great results. Without well formulated objective goals a company or an organisation cannot exist, since every company has a reason for it existence. After analyzing of the organization’s objective goals and a good strategic plan, leaders are expected to make strategic decisions; the decisions should address two basic questions: What is the industry that we should compete with? What formula should be used to compete in those industries? A company needs to know its immediate competitors once it starts operating. A company should formulate a well design that will enable the company to beat all its competitors in the market and so that it can make more profits from its consumers or customers. These questions can be useful for the organization in both domestic and international environment. Finally comes the action that must be acted upon; unless action is taken, decisions are useless. It is the actions that are taken by firms, which implement the strategy (Mintzberg, Ahlstrand and Lampel, 2009). In this analysis, three major processes of strategic management processes will be discussed in a more detailed manner. These strategic processes are strategy analysis, strategy formulation, and strategy implementation. They help the company in overcoming the many challenges that companies are facing in today’s global market place. Strategy Analysis- contains general environment analysis and competitive environment. It is the starting point of a strategic management. Strategy implementation is the process in which the management sees that all the set objectives and goals are effective and have value to the company. It ensure that the organisation has a proper strategic controls. Strategy formulation is of how the organization is to compete in different business environment to attain competitive advantage. To see that the company’s set strategies have become a reality, leaders should take the necessary resource and take time to design the organization. Strategy Implementation Strategy Formulation Strategy Analysis 2. 0 Strategic Analysis Strategy analysis might be seemed upon as the first spot of the strategic management development. It is made up the ‘advance work’ that has to be done so as to efficiently formulate and implement strategies. Lots of strategies are not succeed for the reason that manager might fancy to formulate and implement strategies, not including a cautious analysis of the important goals of the organization and not including a thorough analysis of its external and internal environment (Lumpkin amp; Dess, 2005). 2. 1 The General Environment The general environment define that the progression of developing strategy for a business by exploring the environment and business in which it activates (Business dictionary, n. d. ). 2. 1. 1 PEST Analysis PEST analysis will be able to be utilized to help detect trends in the external environment that will eventually discover their method into the competitive environment. It gives a relation between the general and competitive environments in that weak signals in the general environment are able to become main forces for transform in the competitive environment. (Henry, 2011) 2. 1. 2 Strength Delta airline uses merger so as to be able to expend its business. In 2008 the company merged with Northwest airlines. It operates in Europe, North America and Asia/Pacific regions. Once the merger was complete, Northwest Airlines and all its constituents become wholly-owned by Delta Airlines. The merger saw to it that Delta Airlines started operating in the Northwest for FY 2008. In the period of two month that is from October of 2008 the time the merger was completed to December of 2008, the company had increased it revenues to $2 billion. Having a flexible nature, allows Delta to improve customer services, and in the long run be able to achieve its strategic objectives. Delta airlines have multilateral and formed alliances with other airlines. This is beneficial since the airline is able to gain access to international airlines. By forming alliance, the airlines share codes, access to passenger lounges, promotions, airport gate and ticket counter, marketing agreement and ticket office co-location. 2. 1. 3 Weakness Delta airline tend to be over depended on North America airlines for its revenues. 66. 4% of the company’s revenues are derived from North America. By having heavy dependency on the market, the company is susceptible to any change that s associated with that geographical region. Delta airline has high indebtedness, in the final financial year of 2008 of $16,571 million which was an increase of 84. 1% over the financial year ending in 2007. The industry also has poor communication method; there is no clear link from the management to the passengers. The airline is not innovative, in that it does not come up with new ideas, what the airline does, is the same thing that is being done by other airlines. 2. 1. 4 Opportunities. There is an expected growth of international boarding on big careers, and smaller regions are expected to grow. Total aviation fleet is expected to grow to 1% an year. This is an advantage to for Delta airline that is engaged in the air transport system, it is therefore position to capitalize on the ever increasing US region airline industry. The growth of maintenance repair and overhaul (MRO) market is the other thing that gives support and opportunity for Delta airline. There is a lot of service that is offered by Delta that is from MRO, and with the growth of MRO, creates an opportunity for delta to capitalize on the industry as well as expanding its revenues and profits. . 1. 5 Threats. The economical crises that is global, has affected Delta airline severely. The crunch from the credit, the financial crises and the oil prices going up affect the airline industry directly. A don turn in the economy posses as a challenge for Delta airline, the financial turmoil has put delta airline in a fix, and any further global economic recession will hinder Delta’s ability to be able to achieve and sustain profitability. 2. 2 The Competitive Environment The competitive environment impact on an organization’s performance more directly. Some of the factors that influence competition are cost, events, labour and season. These factors do not only affect competition, they also influence how the competition will be rendered. By identifying certain competitors, cost can be reduced, and firm can put more efforts on identifying the risks. For Delta airlines to be able to deal with competition, they should recognize the need to grow. 2. 2. 1 Porter’s Five Forces Framework. Evaluating some of the determinants of industry profitability and assessing firm performance by Porter’s five forces framework is a suitable tool of analysis. The framework allows a firm to evaluate the attraction of its business founded on the relation strength of those five forces. Given its resources, a firm is able to take a judgment as to which industries it is able to compete in most effectively and place it to decrease the opposing effect of those forces. According to critics of the 5 forces framework, the main limitation is its static nature (Henry, 2011). 2. 2. 2 The Threat of new Entrants. In terms of The Threat of new Entrants means of transportation, especially airlines are vulnerable. Because of the deregulation in 1970’s~1980’s, legal entry barriers removed. According to the latest statistics, if someone invest only $ 35 million, it is possible to advance the airline industry. This is tolerable if you would afford enough amounts for small and medium enterprises. The threat of new entrant is quite high. (Gross, S. , Schroeder, A. 2007) The bargaining power of suppliers in the airlines industry is vulnerable from In terms of the bargaining power of suppliers. The bargaining power of suppliers will be stronger when the demand of supplier is low, when the supplier to supply the goods has been differentiated and when there is no alternative to the provider (Lynch, 2008). . 2. 3 The threat of substitutes. There are three main forms of threat of substitutes in the airline industry. Rail, road and boat services are existed. Of these, the rail is definitely the main threat in the air industry. It serves a great service delivery around the major city. However, Delta airline promise that offer faster journeys. For instance, from New York to LA it t akes 5-6 hours by airplane, on the other hand, train takes 2-3 days. 2. 3 The internal environment. An internal environment is the environment that is within the firm. They are the policies, manage, employees and working condition that has been set for them. SWOT analysis is important for the firm as it will enable it to create a situation where it can attain competitive advantage (Thompson and Martin, 2005). Using Porter’s five force Delta airline should be able to determine the best approach that they can use so as to attain stability in the internal environment (Henry, 2011); by doing so the firm is ensuring that   all the areas that constitutes the internal environment have been looked at and no loop hole has be left. This will strengthen the operations of the firm, creating policies that will stabilize the firm, as well as ensuring long term results. 2. 3. 1 Value Chain Analysis. Value Chain Analysis is a strategy tool using to analyze internal company actions. Its aims are recognizing, which undertakings are the most valuable (i. e. are the foundation of cost or diversity benefit) to the company and which ones is able to be improved to offer competitive benefits (Strategic management insight, 2012). 2. 3. 2 The resource-based view of strategy. The height of competition in an industry is important if the industry is to underlay its strategy. An organization should be able to understand the elements that make the structure, and take action in order to influence or perhaps mitigate the brought effects. Managers should be able o identify the sources and how they are likely to affect the strategic decision. For instance, the concern of the simply nature that other firms are allowed o join the industry. Since if everything is constant, and then entry barriers should be put so that they can ensure profits that are above average ((Henry, 2011). . 0 Strategy Formulation The process of choosing most excellent course of action for achieving organizational objectives and from accomplishing organizational purpose Strategy implementation- contains planning the organization’s structure, managing human resources, developing decision making process, distributing resources. There are two things that should be determined by the manage rs when it comes to attaining competitive advantage in the market, producing substances that are unique, or selling at low-cost, and at times a combination of both (Henry, 2011). When organizations come up with idea that works, they are copied by their competitors, almost immediately. For instance in the 1980’s, American Airlines tried to attain a competitive advantage by creation of frequently flyer program. A few weeks later all the airlines had copied this idea. This made frequently flyer program change from a competitive advantage to a measure of competitive parity. Delta Air Lines Industry: Airline Founded: 1928 Country: United States Employees: 78,400 Sales: $35. 12 B (April 2012) Asset: $43. 5 B (April 2012) Profit: $854 M (April 2012) Delta Air Lines (Delta) is a principal United States airline. Delta Airlines was established by Huff Daland Dusterson May 30, 1924 in Georgia. Delta Air Lines and branches control over 5,000 flights daily and have nearly 80,000 employees. Delta offers reserved air transport for customers and cargo all through the United States and all around the world. The Companys path network gives it existence in all domestic and global market. Deltas route network is placed on the core system it controls at airport thus enabling it to reach different destinations. Each of these core processes contains flights that collect and allocate traffic from markets in the geographical area surrounding the hub to domestic and international cities and to other hubs (Forbes, 2012). 3. 1 Business strategy level. When it comes to business level, Delta airlines is focused in ensuring customer satisfaction, despite what other airlines are doing. Though competition might be proliferated, Delta airlines have always managed to be on top by ensuring that customers get the best. The airline does not follow the rules that are set by other business when it comes to prices and fare. In the airline industry, Delta, united, Southwest, US airways, American airline consist of large companies and between them dominate the airline industry with a combined market share of around 71 percent. These are the close rivals of Delta airlines, and when the firm is doing its strategic management, it should also look into these rivals, so as to plan a way to say a head which is the whole point of strategics and planning. The point is not copying what these firms do, but finding a weakness in these firms and using that weakness to attain advantage. 3. 2 Corporate level. In order for an organization to attain success, they should link human resource management and corporate together. This would be helpful in situation where the firm is required to make quick decisions and respond rapidly to a situation. The Delta airline makes the necessary moves in order to establish great chance in the survival in different business fields and achieve an appropriate amount of diversification. The main concept of corporate strategy is that the organisation identifies the types of business the company should invest in. It also tackles the question of in which line f business is the company suitable to take? For a company to be success it should always do a survey on the best business market to invest in. The management does estimates of every business and the competitors in the market even when starting the organisation. Delta airline has linked the two together, and this is the reason that the company is always active and does not take a long time to respond to situ ations. The expansion of Delta airline has been as a result of the way is doing well in the airline industry. Otherwise corporate strategy helps the company to review its ability to expand or reduce its expansion. When airline form alliances, they gain opportunities to handling the airport ground, maintainers of aircraft and in-sourcing. Code sharing enables airlines to sell seat as well as expansion of the number of destinations. Airlines with the code sharing are allowed to offer. Consistency is another thing that has made Delta makes it in this competitive industry. Since Delta is a large airline, and even during the slowdown, the company has recorded a finical performance that is significant in the past years. The company has increased its revenues, due to the mergers, increase in fare, and also increased service to international destinations. . 3 International strategy and Globalization. The fact that airlines had gone global, even before globalization, one might expect that as the global experience enriches, then the airlines especially the legacy carriers would be well positioned and take advantage of globalization. That has not been the case, globalization unlike the opportunity that i t has offered other industries, when it comes to airlines, it has been a threat. This is the reason that Delta airline has secured its position, globally by forming mergers and partnership. This has made it to be on top and deal with competition as well as issues like restrictions and antitrust. 3. 4 Assessing organizational Performance. So as to be able to analyze how a firm is doing in the industry. This is important as it will enable the firm to identify the areas that they need o improve on, as well as compare what they are doing and what other firms are doing (Capon, 2008). Performance should not be assessed as a firm in general, but to be able to attain results, firms should analyze the performance of every sector. This would enable the firm to see the area that re bringing it down, and plan for the best method that these areas can be improved. If one sector is not working well, then chances are this could spread out to other fields and in the long run; the firm can be affected entirely. Delta airlines have a method that they use to analyze the performance of the firm. In fact, their website has been open for customer’s feedback, so that they can be able to identify some of the areas that the customers were not satisfied with. Analyzing of the performance and operation of this organization is hat has kept it on the top. The company strives to ensure that customers are satisfied, and happy with the service. Delta strives due to the fact that the management has ensured that the organization is characterized with the right people, guidelines, and principles. The company has also created an anonymous channel where complains can be forwarded by the customers. When it comes to the workers, Delta Airlines offers the best employee package. In the website one can be able to read some of the feedback that have been given by the employees, both who are still working with the airline, and those who are not. Ensuring that the employees are satisfied is one of the strategies that Delta Airlines use to deal with competition. It is believed that if employees are happy, chances are they will deliver service that are of quality to the passengers. 4. 0 Strategic implementation 4. 1 System change Delta is recognized throughout the industry as unique, due to the extensive flight and brand legacy. This is evident after the merger between Delta and U. S. airlines, even thou these companies were both public acknowledge, they opted to go with the Delta airlines as the brand name. Delta has been faced with bankruptcy, but has managed to fair well, it has attempted airline at a low cost, and any route implementation, thou some of the route mentioned have not been implemented. Even after the enormous proliferation of competition schemes in business strategic literature, the most influential proliferation in the last two decades have been, competitive positioning and resource base view. Firm’s resource includes; assets, process of organization, capabilities, attributes, knowledge and information. They are inputs that are used to facilitate an organization to be able to function. Not all resources that are available to the organization have importance, there are only a few that can be used to insert value and create strategy, which puts the organization in a competitive advantage. 4. 2 Strategic leadership. The formulation that an organization uses to stay ahead and attain competitive advantage should be unique and original. The mistake that is done by many firms, is copying he strategic from other firms in the industry and by the end of the day, there is no level competition since everyone is offering the same things, techniques and innovation ends up being a forgotten element. So as to see that the set strategies have become a reality, leaders should take the necessary resource and take time to design the organization. The study of strategic management is a study that enables one to understand why some organization outperforms others. For are this reason, manager are expected to have a plan on how the organization is to compete, o that it can not only attain competitive advantage, but also to have this advantage over a long period of time. There are two important questions that the firm should focus on if they want to attain a length competitive advantage (McGee, Thomas and Wilson, 2005). What method must we use in order to attain competitive advantage? How can we create a competitive advantage that is unique, long lasting and not easy to be substituted of copied? 4. 2. 1 Political. In a political context, Delta airlines have dealt with various political issues over the past few years. It has been tasked with balancing and satisfying both its potential customers and the numerous governments it continues to operate its business with. Over the past few years, Delta has run into hot water over its policies in the middle east and domestically, in America. A prominent example was its controversial tie up with Saudi Arabian Airlines in 2011; whereby it agreed to refuse services to Israeli passport holders and Jews while operating over Saudi Arabian soil. This was agreed in principle and practice, in accordance with Saudi Arabian laws. 4. 2. 2 Economical. The airline industry has been subject to a handful of economic impacts. Such as, slowdown in the growth rate, rising Crude Oil Price. The most significant impact in recent years has been oil price, rising all around the world. Airline ticket price is adjusted by Crude Oil Price, and its effects are harshly felt on the airline industry. New York Stock Exchange (NYSE), crude oil for transport in June rose by an additional 40 cents to $91. 83 a barrel; and Brent North Sea crude for June transport improved 32 cents to $102. 05 in the morning trade (The News, 2013). Another economical factor is worldwide economic crisis. The recent financial disaster is the worst the world had realized since the Great Depression in the 1930s. Therefore, airline industry is affected by the world financial crisis (Yale global, 2013). . 2. 3 Social. Increasing needs of popularity of holidays overseas has been tending to an explosion in a request for air travel. All around the world, an average age of the population is growing steadily. Babies are born fewer. Moreover, enhancing medical skills have made many people live longer. Therefore, family and aged people have influence on the airline industry. Air travel demands are increasi ng gradually. 4. 2. 4 Technological Current airplane is more economical to manage. The 777 can hold the seats around 270 passengers, while another one can seat around 240. Furthermore, these are purchased using for the far distance routes. Delta had come to be the biggest air company consuming the Boeing’s out of production 717 planes under the contract that was produced in May, 2012 (US daily voice, 2013). Moreover, Delta has started to invest over $3 billion in technological facilities, service and technology global products to improve the passenger experience in the air. The investment has begun in 2010, and it will be maintained until 2015. Delta has finished setting up of full flat-bed seats in all deltas’ aircraft cabin (Marianas variety, 2013). . 3 Cooperate governance Having the right channel and right people to work in the airline, and guidelines is what has made delta airlines to be on top. The management has implemented that having connection with the right people and doing business in the right manner is what will put the business on top. 5. 0 SWOT Analysis SWOT analysis consents an organization to evaluate the suitable of its recent strategic to its moving environment, and to support turn possible treats into opportunities, and weaknesses into strengths. It can assist an organization to recognize its possessions and abilities more obviously, and or evaluate whether those are advantage or a restraint to developing opportunities in the market field. Finally, it is able to be used to support the organization’s formulate strategy (Henry, 2011). SWOT analysis is an important part of strategic management as it can be used to pointer for the manager at the areas that need to be looked into, and the area that are working, for the advantage of the company. It can also be used for planning of the organization future plans, by taking advantages of the opportunities that are available for the firm. Firms owe it to the clients; and these are the repository of firm’s activities. At the heart of both the management and at the heart of resides customer. Delta airlines are aware of the importance of the resources, they tend to fish all the resources that are necessary to satisfy customer, and put it at the bases of the policy. Delta uses the resources that are available to them to attain competitive advantage. Things like planning flight, more destinations in comparison to other airlines and also the fact that customers trust the airline since it has been in existence for a long time. 6. 0 Conclusion Delta airlines seems to have a bright future, this is due to the fact that despite the turbulence that has affected the airlines during the past decade, Delta has managed to beat the storm and be more successful in comparison with the competitors. Delta has come up with innovative customer friendly features as well as creation of a look that is more defined, that is in terms of their route structure and business practices. Even when fuel and labour cost went high, Delta managed to offer up to standard customer service at rates that are comparable. With the pans and changes outlined in the report, Delta airlines seems to safe for takeoff, but one should be trends with care, it might appear that the airline is headed for a ride that is bumpy. References: Business dictionary. (n. d). Strategic Analysis. Available: http://www. businessdictionary. com/definition/strategic-analysis. html. Last accessed 10th May 2013. Capon, C. (2008). Understanding Strategic Management, FT Prentice Hall. Gross, S. , Schroeder, A. (2007). Handbook of low cost airlines: strategies, business processes  and market environment. 1st ed. Berlin: Erich Schmidt Verlag. Henry A. E. (2011). Understanding Strategic Management, Oxford University Press. http://www. strategy-business. com/article/00047? gko=19274 http://usdailyvoice. com/delta-airlines-plan-to-make-some-major-purchases-from-boeing-or-airbus-sas-715. html http://www. mvariety. com/cnmi/cnmi-news/local/55403-delta-air-lines-upgrades-products-services http://www. huffingtonpost. om/rabbi-jason-miller/delta-airlines-saudi-arabia_b_883202. html http://www. thenews. com. pk/article-98312-Oil-prices-rise-in-Asia http://yaleglobal. yale. edu/content/global-economic-crisis http://www. managementstudyguide. com/resource-based-view. htm Lynch R. (2008). Strategic Management. (6th edn). FT Prentice Hall. Lumpkin, B. , Dess, G. (2005). Strategic Management: Text and Cases. 2nd ed. New York: Irwin       Professional. McGee J. Thomas H. and Wilson D. (2005). Strategy: Analysis and Practice,   McGraw-Hill Mintzberg H. , Ahlstrand B. and Lampel J. B. (2009). Strategy Safari: The Complete Guide. Shaw, S. , (2007). Airline marketing and management. 6th ed. USA: Ashgate Publishing. Strategic Management Insight. (2012). Value Chain Analysis. [Online] Available at:    http://www. strategicmanagementinsight. com/tools/value-chain-analysis. html [Accessed 10th May 2013]. Thompson J. L. and Martin F. (2005). Strategic Management (5th edn. ) Thomson. Witcher, B. J. , amp; Chau, V. S. (2010). Strategic management: principles and practice. [S. l. ],    Cengage Learning. www. delta. com/content/www/en delta/ /corporate-governance

How to Write a Psychology Research Paper

How to Write a Psychology Research Paper As a student, you are likely to write one of two basic kinds of Psychology research papers. The literature review involves summarizing the research conducted by others. The empirical paper is either reporting the results of your own study or presenting the proposal for a study. Papers in the field of psychology follow the American Psychological Association (APA) writing style format. The basic parts of the paper are dependent upon whether it is a literature review or an empirical paper. Parts of a Literature Review: Introduction – introduces the topic and provides an explanation of the topic’s importance. It also provides related theories or findings concerning the topic. Finally, it provides the thesis statement for the literature review. Body – provides evidence from others’ research related to your thesis statement. Discussion/Conclusion/Implication – states your final conclusion. It synthesizes your findings into a succinct summary and discusses what your conclusion means in relationship to the explanations or theories stated by field experts. It also presents questions you have as a result of your research. Finally, it states the possible implications for existing theories. References – lists references cited in your paper. Parts of an Empirical Paper: Abstract – is typically 150 to 250 words in length. It provides a one or two-sentence summary of each of the paper’s main sections. Introduction – introduces the research question for your study or proposed study and provides a rationale for why your question is relevant or important to that field. It also explains how your study relates to previous work conducted in that field. In addition, it relates theories or findings concerning the topic. Finally, it provides the hypothesis your study addressed or is designed to address. Method – explains how you conducted or will conduct your study. It describes the study’s participants, as well as data-collection and analysis procedures. You are expected to provide enough information so that your study can be replicated by someone else. Results – provides an explanation of what your study found or expects to find. You will present data from your study visually, such as in a chart, graph, or table, and you will explain it. Discussion – states your final conclusion. It synthesizes your findings and offers conclusions. It explains the relationship between your findings and the research discussed in the introduction. In addition, it explains the results of your study and how they support your hypothesis. Furthermore, it offers explanations for any discrepancies between your findings and your predictions. Finally, it clarifies how your findings fit into existing theories and what the implications for practical applications are. References – lists references cited in your Psychology research paper.

Flannery O'Connor's A Good Man is Hard to Find Essay - 1

Flannery O'Connor's A Good Man is Hard to Find - Essay Example The Grandmother is very irritating woman. During the car ride, she lies about the dimensions of a house just to make it sound more interesting to the children. And when she realizes that the house she’s been bragging about is not even in that state, she panics and kicks the cage holding the cat. She doesn’t do that on purpose. She is annoying but she doesn’t deserve to be shot three times in the chest. In fact she tries to make a connection with the Misfit during the confrontation and when she feels sorry for Misfit and about the way he has been treated all his life, she tries to physically touch him and at that moment Misfit’s henchmen shoot the old woman. It is very true that many people only claim to be Christians but in the dealings of their lives, their behavior, their conduct and their daily conversations are devoid of the spirit of Christianity. The grandmother is blessed with a loving son but she is not thankful for it and doesn’t actually care about him. In fact she treats him as a tool and takes advantage of his obedience. In the book, after the car accident Misfit and his men seize the family and they take family members in the woods and shoot them. Seeing her fate very clear the grandmother suddenly remembers God and Jesus and turns soft. She asks Misfit to pray so that his soul may be spared for the sins he has committed all his life. A very religious and philosophical conversation takes place towards the end of the story between the Misfit and the Grandmother, where Misfit tries to mock Jesus by saying that he created a lot of confusion by raising dead people (in hidden words, he mocks the whole concept of heaven a nd hell and the day of judgment). To this, grandmother agrees somewhat by saying that probably he didn’t raise the dead after all but when she gets shot in the chest, she falls down with her legs crossed in to her grave, representing her faith in a dramatic and symbolic way. "Flannery

Successful FDI Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Successful FDI - Essay Example This paper addresses benefits and disadvantages of FDI to both home and host countries and presents a brief business plan for the company linking its foreign investment proposal and analyzes its future plans. E-Walky Plc: E- Shoe and Slippers Electronic shoes and slippers from E-Walky Plc will be extremely amazing experience to the new generation. In today’s technology-driven business environment and life-style, the company plans ‘e-walking’ of new generation. E-Walky, a public limited company headquartered in Colorado, is in its very progressive stage of developing new products, e-shoes and slippers. The days yet to come are to witness how the slippers and shoes can be integrated with advanced technology to make an easier life to both sportsmen and general public. Company plans to campaign its brand name ‘E-Walky’ for its products and chooses China for its FDI. It’s truly going to be a mere micro-computer in every one’s foots, being att ached to the down-part of slippers and shoes covered by specific metals for its safety as well as water-proof purposes. These micro-chips can automatically measure the distances one walks, counts his footsteps, measure the speed of a sportsman and so on. Count-down, safety-walk and speedy-walk are some extremely useful utilities that the company itself kept secret and rather surprising to the public. Its usefulness to electronically track one’s footsteps will attract indoor players of badminton and tennis as well as outdoor players of cricket and football. Its importance to play ‘two-men game’ and group games will certainly appeal to children and youngsters. Its importance to health and convenience to use inside houses will attract both house-wives and old aged customers. More specifically, all these customers will find its operation wonderful and convenient due to the small ‘remote controller’ in their hand. E-Walky Business Plan The main objective of E-Walky is to design and develop electronic shoes and slippers to its customers in and outside the US to continuously promote the digitized life for both general public and sportsmen. The main mission is to create a generation of ‘e-walking’ with help of the highly advanced technology the company adopted in developing E-Walky shoes and slippers. The financial management of the company proposed an initial investment of $10 million to establish the enterprise based in Colorado and to expand the business by directly investing in China with an approximate expenditure of $25 million. It plans to start its R&D and manufacturing activities in the US and to sell around 1.5 million shoes in the US markets within first 12 months. At the same, the company’s operation will be held in large scale in China to market around 10 million products through major countries like Japan, UK, India, Brazil etc. The management expects that once its marketing starts in the US, it will a ttract a large number of sportsmen and other people from around the world. As planned, the penetration pricing policy would be used as a competitive tool to merit the firm and build a long-term brand image for the company (Hirschey, 2009, p. 567). The financial department proposed that the company would be able to sell more than 13 million products worldwide returning an

A nursing role, professional issue, or scope of practice Research Paper

A nursing role, professional issue, or scope of practice - Research Paper Example It is clearly evident that nursing roles majorly advocate for the care of the general population in terms of health. This paper will discuss the nursing role according to the specifications provided. Nursing is simply a profession that deals with the care of individuals, communities, and the general population. The main aim of nursing is to ensure that the individual attains optimal health. From a healthcare perspective, nurses can be acknowledged on the basis of the scope of their work and training. According to the American Nurses Association, nursing roles can be classified according to protection, optimization, and promotion of quality health (Adams, Bailey, Anderson, & Docherty, 2011). Some of the most prevalent roles performed by the nurses include mitigation and prevention of illnesses through treatment and diagnosis of human responses. Nursing roles are majorly controlled by the principles of medicine. Registered nurses have a wide array of basic duties that they perform (Adams, Bailey, Anderson & Docherty, 2011). The most basic duties include educating and treating patients, providing advice to the general public, and educating the public concerning a variety of medical conditions. In addition, the nurses are also liable for recording patients’ symptoms and medical precedents, performing tests, and analyzing diagnostic results, administering medication, operating medical machinery, and carrying out follow-ups for the patients. Nurses engage in a wide spectrum of activities. Therefore, they have expanded roles (Adams, Bailey, Anderson & Docherty, 2011). Nurses can be identified as caregivers, teachers, counselors, researchers, and client advocates. This asserts that nurses are capable of initiating several roles in their career life. Research shows that nurses are responsible for schooling the public concerning the management of certain illnesses. They

Manifestation of Anorexia Nervosa in East-Asian Culture

Manifestation of Anorexia Nervosa in East-Asian Culture Tharushi Kaluarachchi Mental illnesses do not exist independent of their social and historical context. Although it is generally accepted that sociocultural factors are key in the development of Anorexia Nervosa (AN), presently, it is bound by Western notions of disease as its criterion is focused on the obsession with thinness for women with the disorder. However with its evolution being mirrored in East-Asia, it has been hypothesised that an increased risk for eating disorders in those countries arises from a greater exposure to Western popular culture, diets and values. However this in itself does not explain the spread of the disorder as a more complex historical view is needed to explain its conception in East-Asia. Being complex in aetiology, there is much debate centred on the motivation behind food refusal in being the most challenging factor to interpret (Keel Klump, 2003). In Western countries, the promotion of thinness as the ideal female form today has forged a template for the diagnosis of AN as eating disorders have become more common among younger females with a period of icons of the American beauty becoming thinner during the late twentieth Century (Keel Klump, 2003). As a result of this campaign, Lee (1995) claims that modern biomedical views of AN have attributed the avoidance of food purely to a fear of fatness while the sufferer becomes emaciated. The essential criteria for Anorexia Nervosa includes an intense fear of weight gain even with a significantly low weight (The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th ed.; DSM–5; American Psychiatric Association, 2013). Hence it is insisted that the resolution of this fat phobia needs to presuppose recovery. However this explanation is inadequate as East-Asian cultures have a historically unique evolution essentially apart from modern Western culture (Keel and Klump, 2003). Hence in East-Asian countries AN was previously noted to be unknown with the fear of fatness noted to be frequently absent among these rare anorexics. A culturally sensitive study of AN in Hong Kong revealed that although they bore a convincing resemblance to Western Anorectics in terms of physicality, a large portion, 59%, did not exhibit any fat phobia, instead rationalising their food refusal through bloating and oesophageal blockages (Lee, Ho Hsu, 1993) . Hence these East-Asian Anorexics resulted to organic causes for self-starvation, endorsing the body as a social response to illness (Watters, 2010). Thus, an individual’s distress is culturally defined, as these bodily sensations indicate psychological distress carrying as much meaning and impact as a Western complaint of anxiety or depression (Lee, 1995) . Regarding a case study by Lee (1995), a thirty-one year old patient from Hong Kong began complaining of abdominal discomfort and reduced her food intake due to her boyfriend deserting her. Despite seeing doctors, her weight continued to decrease with her attributing it to abdominal problems, denying any fear of fatness or intentionally restricting diet. Clearly this patient did not fit the diagnostic criteria for AN according to the DSM due to the discrepancy between the biomedical explanation of fat phobia and the patient’s personal explanations (Watters, 2010). Aetiological explanations that were sought through Chinese herbalists attributed the self-starvation to imbalances with bodily organs being devoid of normal hunger sensations, yet was found to be ineffective in treatment. As a result, what was needed was a more local understanding of the personal and cultural forces at play instead of relying on a global template driven by the use of Western diagnostic categories as n either Western nor Eastern healing modalities were having an impact. It is imperative to document that cultural forces are often mediated throughout history to mould the contextual factors which result in the mental illnesses of that time. Hence in pursuing an aetiological explanation for atypical Anorexics, hysteria is of particular interest as its symptoms tend to be shaped by the surrounding culture which is constantly changing in accordance with what is deemed to be female by society. (Shorter, 1986:1). Although the patient’s condition cannot be explained through modern conceptualisations of AN, the symptoms exhibited can be traced back to nineteenth century hysteria. This was an extremely popular form of illness manifesting in a variety of symptoms such as convulsive fits, paralysis and muscle contractions, which the patient believed was physical in origin and perceived as being beyond the control of their conscious mind (Shorter, 1986). Lasà ¨gue (1873 as cited in Malson, 1998) presented hysterical anorexia as a form of hysteria caused by the ‘mental perverseness’ of the patient regarded as an illness of female nervousness. Lasà ¨gue (1873 as cited in Malson, 1998) constructs the typical patient to be a young woman who is mentally weak, aged fifteen to twenty years suffering from a personal trauma who is unable to voluntarily resist ascending to the illness. Hence in failing to differentiate between a typical patient and other young girls, he pathologized all young girls, depicting them as being incapable of controlling their symptoms. Hence his report inadvertently enabled a dialogue between the medical society and Victorian middle class females (Brumberg, 1985). Sir William Gull (1873) who shortly succeeded Lasà ¨gue drew the conclusion subsequent to observing similarities across a number of cases, due to the consistent absence of gastric dysfunction which he used as evidence to attribute the loss of appetite to a morbid mental state. Hence Gull defined the loss of appetite as Anorexia Nervosa with the motive for self-starvation being as a result of mental wilfulness differentiated form hysteria which had an organic cause (Gull, 1873). In constructing a weak minded, young nervous girl, Gull (1873) and Lasà ¨gue (1873) presented AN to be viewed as a characteristic or archetype of all young women (Malson, 1998). The ensuing public debate established AN as a distinct disease entity reifying it as a common female disorder which was typified by an aversion to eating food with the patient reporting abdominal pains (Mackenzie, 1888 as cited in Malson, 1998). Yet, as found with the case of atypical East-Asian anorexics, it was repeatedly asserted that careful examinations found no sign of any organic causes that could be attributed to the disorder (Marshall, 1895 as cited in Malson, 1998). Hence a phobia of gaining weight is not the reason for extreme self-starvation, as gastric discomfort was legitimized by physicians, instead attributing anorectic patients’ starvation as the wish not to eat or loss of appetite with the behaviour being as destructive as patients today with anorexia nervosa (Shorter, 1985 as cited in Lee, 1995). Hence non-fat phobia anorexia displays no particular cultural features as it was found in early conceptions of hysteria and atypical anorexics in East-Asia. Oppenheim (1991 as cited in Watters, 2010) documents the influence of hysteria in Victorian culture in the early twentieth century that led to the rise of the disorder as it was mentioned in not only medical literature but also in popular magazines and newspapers that were easily accessible to lay people. Hysteria was encountered everywhere in the public, seen in an ad in Modern Mechanix – Physical Culture that promoted devices such as body braces to remedy â€Å"female weakness, backache, stomach trouble†¦the result of incorrect posture, misplaced organs† (Stop Suffering, 1934). Further an ad in Photoplay generalised woman as having â€Å"no control of herself† with â€Å"constant headache, backache and dizzy spells† prescribing tablets that would give women back their youth, beauty and health (These Hysterical Woman, 1932). Hence this reification of disease by medical professionals and consequently the media can have an unconscious yet powerful effe ct on people as the psychosomatic symptoms of anorexia nervosa were shaped by their beliefs of what constitutes a disease (Shorter, 1986 as cited in Watters, 2010). Shorter (1986) claims that as these expectations change, it targets a specific population and provides patients with a model of how to behave and which symptoms to present. Hence as seen with hysteria, this rapid increase in incidence of a pattern of symptoms coming into vogue through a public interest in medical discourse presents with a problem of incidences of diseases rising (Shorter, 1986). As a result the illness manifested in the population at large and the incidence of the disease drastically rose as self-starvation which was once a rare symptom became common. Shorter (1994:268 as cited in Malt, 1996) postulated that the medical society stimulated the eating disorder behaviour as it influences patients’ ways of communicating their distress to be more recognized and accepted as it offers a person who can no longer cope with their situation to be free of blame through a non-stigmatic label corresponding to medical diagnostics. Hence this rise in hysteria symptoms in early nineteenth century can be matched with atypical anorexics in East-Asian countries in the late twentieth century, with the speculation that the lack of public awareness in East-Asia correlated with the rarity of the disorder, as distressed individuals were less likely to select AN as the illness of choice (Watters, 2010). In the late 1990’s the cultural and individual differences in diagnosis became blurred as the influence of the Western diagnostic manual grew and wouldn’t be confirmed as AN unless the patient fulfilled the DSM criteria which presents a large problem in treating them (Watters, 2010). Although increasing industrialisation and fraying of traditional forms of family occurred in the 1990’s, this Westernisation is inadequate in describing the rise in the incidence of eating disorders in Asian countries (Pike Borovy, 2004). This clash between traditional and modernism formed a belief system suspended between East-Asian and Western conceptions at the point where modern attitudes have fragmented families yet not enough to overturn the traditional familism (Chan Lee, 1995). As a result, Cummins, Simmons and Zane (2005) criticise DSM as a diagnostic tool as it requires endorsing specific symptoms, yet it presents as less relevant to East-Asian populations as they may exhibit a different pattern of symptom presentation. However Rogler (1992 as cited in Aderibigbe and Pandurangi, 1995) claim that when translating international instruments such as the DSM, they should be culturally sensitive to ensure an accurate assessment of symptoms as they should be described freely without any Westernised prejudice. Further, Aderibigbe and Pandurangi (1995) call for more flexibly structured diagnostic systems where the diagnostic inclusion and exclusion criteria is applied in the context of the local culture as diagnosis would be improved if there are alternate classifications of disorders that were more suitable to East-Asian countries. Western conceptualisations often neglect the conception of AN in contemporary East-Asia is affected by the dominant cultural expectations for young woman as traditional notions of love, marriage and adulthood create a context which offers financial stability whilst simultaneously limiting their social lives (Pike Borovy, 2004). As a result of this culture, Pike and Borovy (2004) suggest that eating disorders may reflect the individual’s distress in negotiating these constraints which still values women in their traditional roles of domesticity. This is contrasted with Western cultural valuation of women where the tension arises from a result of striving for achievement and autonomy in being required to negotiate the demands of competitive worlds with a devaluation of traditional dependency work (Pike Borovy, 2004). Western societal standards of beauty often overvalue size and weight, expressed through a general distorted body image and fat phobia of the population. Although this pursuit of thinness has been absorbed by East-Asian culture, it is not the central causing factor of East-Asian AN. Instead there is a need to recognise that this fear manifests as a loss of control, which is the more critical factor in developing AN (Lee, 2001 as cited in Pike Borovy, 2004). This is where the culture acts as a guide for the individual by providing a range of symptoms to express distress as it provides a range of physical symptoms for the unconscious mind to physically express the psychological conflict (Shorter, 1986:1). Hence it is important that the aetiological model of AN integrates the local East-Asian culture and the universal need to express distress and global Westernisation. The rise in incidence of fat phobia anorexics can be ascribed to the popularisation of the DSM essential criteria of a fear of fatness in Hong Kong through the media. Instances such as the death of a young anorexic girl, Charlene Hsu Chi-Ying sparked the attention of the media with newspaper headlines from local Chinese-language daily papers such as â€Å"Schoolgirl Falls Dead on Street: Thinner than a yellow Flower† (Watters, 2010). With little local professional knowledge, Western experts were quoted, ascribing her demise to weight loss and dieting (Watters, 2010). Hence this media attention not only generated public interest resulting in the rise of this disorder, but especially a rise in the Westernised form of AN in a different subpopulation, modelling DSM symptoms. A newspaper article in The Nation claimed that eating disorders were estimated to afflict â€Å"one in 100 young Japanese women† (Effron, 1997:14) similar to the incidence rate in the United States. The extent of Western acculturation in Asian countries can be seen as Effron claims that â€Å"a weight-loss craze has swept the developed countries of Asia, sending women†¦scurrying to exercise studios and slimming salons† (Effron, 1997:14 as appearance and figures became very important to young people. Hence raising awareness of AN in Asian culture inadvertently became a double-edged sword as it could draw a susceptible reader in, with Shaw (2006) finding that adolescents tend to respond more to fashion images. Further, vulnerable adolescents who were dissatisfied with their body and perceived the pressure to fit in were adversely affected by exposure to images of thin models (Stice, Spangler and Agras, 2001). Therefore, there is a need to change the perception of AN portrayed in the media as it has become a culturally manipulated syndrome in East-Asian societies, leading to mimic anorexics as they regard the process of self-starvation with veneration rather than pain (Brumberg, 1985). Hence this proliferation of the promotion of starvation as glamorizing the disease for girls who seek it as an outlet of distress can encourage imitation. As a result, Psychiatry today in East-Asian cultures are treating the subpopulation affected by Western manifestations of AN which is inadequate a s it dismisses the genuine atypical anorexics. In summation, it is important to consider AN as cultural artefact which has been refined over time, as well as integrating a biomedical and personal subjective models. Hence there is no single adequate suggestion that media and advertising or society alone have increased the incidence of AN. It is rather that culture is a layered process of history and social expectations which put modern adolescents at a greater risk for developing the disease such that a deeper historical view, as pursued here, can be sought to explain how expectations of AN have changed. However, the mediation of factors such as media, which help form a dialogue between the disease and the public need to be controlled and take into account the local culture in order to aid in treating and restricting the rise of the incidence of AN in East-Asian countries.

Societal Drug Use in Aldous Huxley’s Brave New World :: essays research papers

â€Å"There is always soma, delicious soma, half a gramme for a half-holiday, a gramme for a week-end, two grammes for a trip to the gorgeous East, three for a dark eternity on the moon, returning whence they find themselves on the other side of the crevice, safe on the solid ground of daily labour and distraction, scampering from feely to feely, from girl to pneumatic girl, from Electromagnetic Golf course to †¦" In a perfect society, humans do not need to resort to drugs to keep society in balance. In Aldous Huxley’s Brave New World, society is based on keeping everyone happy- and if for some reason someone becomes unhappy then there is always soma- the â€Å"perfect† drug. Humans are conditioned from the very start to be happy while performing their specific tasks. â€Å"We also predestine and condition. We decant out babies as socialized human beings, as Alphas or Epsilons, as future sewage workers or future Directors of Hatcheries.† (Page 13) Brave New World’s society is built on keeping everyone happy and keeping everyone working in balance with civilization. However, without soma, Brave New World’s society wouldn’t function properly. The soma helps to keep the society moving, always working to keep production moving, just like Ford’s assembly line. However, is there something wrong with depending on a drug to keep a society working? Huxley’s portrayed society does in fact work to an extent. People know what they need to do, people are happy, people have soma, and people can have pleasure whenever they like. Things get done, but those same things could get done in a different way. The introduction of the Savage starts to show a different side of the story. The Savage, not conditioned and born to an actual mother, has different ideas about society- especially soma. â€Å"Listen, I beg of you. Lend me your ears†¦ Don’t take that horrible stuff. It’s poison, it’s poison.† The Savage is not happy with the life that the â€Å"civilized† people live. To him it seems like a big illusion. The people are conditioned to not have emotions, but humans cannot really be humans without emotions. Humans are different from all the other creatures in this world because they do indeed have emotions. The advanced human brain has allowed people to have emotions- which affect their lives daily. â€Å"The emotions aren't always immediately subject to reason, but they are always immediately subject to action† (William James) The Savage had several chances to â€Å"have† Lenina any time he wanted but he didn’t want that.